{"id":17,"date":"2013-05-01T13:01:24","date_gmt":"2013-05-01T13:01:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/aizawl\/?page_id=17"},"modified":"2023-02-24T09:35:48","modified_gmt":"2023-02-24T09:35:48","slug":"diseases-and-pests-of-food-plants","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/saraikela\/diseases-and-pests-of-food-plants\/","title":{"rendered":"Diseases and Pests of Food Plants"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\" width:760px; height:650px; overflow: auto; margin:0px; padding: 0px 15px 0px 15px;\">\n<h1 align=\"center\" style=\"color:#000!important;\">DISEASES AND PESTS OF TROPICAL TASAR  FOOD PLANTS<\/h1>\n<h3>MAJOR FOLIAR DISEASES OF TROPICAL  TASAR FOOD PLANTS (TERMINALIA.ARJUNA AND T.TOMENTOSA)<\/h3>\n<h5>1. Leaf spot (Pestalotiopsis  palmarum):<\/h5>\n<p>The disease  appears on any part of the blade as circular to irregular patches, sometimes  delimited by veins. The infected leaves show characteristic copper brown spots,  just above the fungal growth, on the upper surface. Usually these are 2-8 mm in  diameter but sometimes more extensive.&nbsp;  Affected leaves become brittle. The necrotic area becomes dry, shrunken  and severed partly or entirely from the leaf as a hole. Severely infected  leaves from which much of the dead tissue has fallen away present an extremely  ragged or insect eaten appearance. Leaf yield loss due to leaf spot disease has been reported  to be 8-12%.<\/p>\n<p>Leaf spot  occurs during July to November all over India when high humidity and high  temperature prevail in the atmosphere. At CTRTI, Ranchi disease incidence in both T.arjuna and T.tomentosa was first observed during the month of June which  increased steadily in the subsequent months and reached at its peak during the  month of October. The disease shows positive correlation with relative humidity  and rainfall. At R.T.R.S., Dumka, Baripada and Warangal r-value for RH was 0.888, 0.468 and  0.551, respectively. The r-value for rainfall was 0.455 at Dumka and 0.789 at Warangal. <\/p>\n<h5>Management:<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Proper cultural operations and field sanitation.<\/li>\n<li>Plucking and burning of diseased leaves.<\/li>\n<li>Spray of Carbendazim @ 0.1% or 0.5% Biltox or 0.5%  Diathane M-45.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>2. Black nodal girdling (Uredo spp):<\/h5>\n<p> Disease symptoms begin from nectar gland and  gradually spread to lower petiole region, in due course of time petiole and  internodal regions get covered with black sooty spores along with mycelia, forming  girdle like appearance. Thus, the entire leaf becomes unsuitable for silkworm  rearing. In both Arjun and Asan plants, about 7-10% crop loss is reported. <\/p>\n<p>The disease  occurs during rainy and winter seasons. This disease also appears during July  at most of the places, increases up to January and then declines. At CTRTI, Ranchi disease started  appearing in the month of August and found maximum during the month of October.  Minimum temperature, rainfall and RH are found positively correlated. wherwas  maximum temperature is negatively correlated.<\/p>\n<h5>Management:<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Proper cultural operations and field sanitation.<\/li>\n<li>Plucking and burning of infected leaves.<\/li>\n<li>Spraying of Carbendazim @ 0.1% (a systemic  fungicide).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>3. Powdery mildew (Phyllactinia terminaliae):<\/h5>\n<p>As the name indicates white powder like  patches appear on the ventral surface of leaves, afterwards appearance of  distinct dot like structures is noticed on the powdery patches. Under advanced  stage, the disease shows chlorotic symptoms on dorsal surface of leaves with  curved lamina. Affected leaves become yellow and fall down prematurely. The  crop loss has been reported to be 25-30% in Arjun and 8-10% in Asan, though  qualitative loss may be much more.\n<\/p>\n<p>Powdery  mildew is prevalent during October to December at most of the places. Maximum  severity of powdery mildew at CTRTI, Ranchi  in T. arjuna was observed during  November. The disease occurs during October to March at all the places mainly  due to change in minimum and maximum temperature. The disease is negatively  correlated with temperature i. e., when the temperature is low, disease is more  and vice versa. Rainfall is also negatively correlated. <\/p>\n<h5>Management:<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Proper cultural operations and field sanitation.<\/li>\n<li>Plucking and burning of diseases leaves as and when  they appear.<\/li>\n<li>Spraying of Carbendazim @ 0.1% or 0.2% Dinocap or  0.2% Sulfex. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>4. Leaf Curl (Copper  deficiency):<\/h5>\n<p> This disease is believed to be caused by deficiency of  copper. Withering of leaves is observed in young and tender leaves, which show  crinkling soon after expansion from the buds. Leaves exhibit boat shaped form  due to folding of the leaflet along the midrib. Venation pattern shows tendency  of conversing towards the apex of lamina and shows deep serration. Chlorosis of  leaf starts from the margin as a result the tip and margin start drying and  withering.<\/p>\n<p>Leaf curl  disease is prevalent during June\/July to November\/December at most of the  places. It is positively and significantly associated with relative humidity  (RTRS Bhandara: r= 0.640; Jagdalpur: r=0.564 and Warangal: r=0.744). <\/p>\n<h5>Management:<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Proper cultural operations and application of  fertilizers.<\/li>\n<li>Spray of 175 ppm Copper Sulphate or 0.5%.Biltox. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A calendar of occurrence of foliar diseases and different activities in  Tropical Tasar culture areas is annexed as ready reckoner for management.<\/p>\n<h5>Leaf spot disease<\/h5>\n<p>Causal organism-Pestalotiopsis palmarum<\/p>\n<p>Class-Ascomycetes<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/ballia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2014\/03\/aqa.jpg\" alt=\"silks\" \/><\/p>\n<h5>Black nodal girdling disease<br \/>\n<\/h5>\n<p>Causal organism- Uredo spp.<\/p>\n<p>Class- Basidiomycetes\n<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/ballia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2014\/03\/wqa2.jpg\" alt=\"Silks\" \/><\/p>\n<h5>Powdery mildew disease<\/h5>\n<p>Causal organism &ndash; Phyllactinia terminaliae <\/p>\n<p>Class-Ascomycetes<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/ballia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2014\/03\/aqa3.jpg\" alt=\"Silks\" \/><\/p>\n<h5> Leaf curl disease<br \/>\n<\/h5>\n<p align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/ballia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2014\/03\/aqa1.jpg\" alt=\"Silks\" \/><\/p>\n<h5>MAJOR PESTS OF TROPICAL TASAR FOOD  PLANTS <\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Weevil  (Myllocerus viridanus  Fab.):&nbsp;<\/strong>&nbsp; Prevalence of weevil was observed throughout the  year.&nbsp; High incidence of weevil was  recorded from November to January.&nbsp;  However, the peak period of its incidence was recorded in the month of  August<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Red Beetle (Tricliona picea Jacoby):<\/strong> The red beetle infestation was recorded from May to  August where the peak period being in the month of August.<\/li>\n<li><strong>May-June Beetle (Anomala blanchardi):<\/strong>&nbsp; The incidence of May-June beetle was higher during April to August. While  its peak infestation was recorded in the month of June and August.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vapourer  tussock moth (Notolophus antiqua Linn.):<\/strong> The higher prevalence of vapourer tussock moth was  observed throughout the year except April, May, October and November months  where the infestation is low.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gall fly (Trioza  fletcheri Monior):<\/strong>Gall infestation was also observed throughout the year and the peak  infestation was recorded in the month of August. However, its infestation was  very low or negligible in April, September and October months.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stem borer (Aelosthes holosericea):<\/strong> The infestation of stem borer was observed  throughout the year.&nbsp; <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>CONTROL MEASURES FOR PESTS OF TASAR HOST PLANTS<\/h5>\n<p>IPM &nbsp;package for the control of gall insect, Trioza fletcheri<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cultural:<\/strong> Pruning of tasar  food plants at 4 to 6 feet height is to be postponed up to 30th April  to minimize gall insect infestation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mechanical:<\/strong> &nbsp;Clipping the gall infested leaves of tasar  food plants, collecting them into polythene \/ gunny bags and burning the same  to avoid further spread of gall insect infestation; plucking and burning of  gall infested tender leaves having eggs and matured gall&nbsp; infested leaves; collection and burning of  old leaves having diapausing nymphs during winter (Dec- Feb.) and off rearing  seasons. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Chemical:<\/strong> &nbsp;Soil application of Neem cake (dried and fine  meshed @ 60 kg per acre) in the month of May before the onset of monsoon; foliar  application of 15 ppm of Azadirachtin &nbsp;(10 ml per litre of water) three times from  May to June at an&nbsp; interval of 15 days  after sprouting (quantity of insecticides required-<\/p>\n<h5>Control of stem borer,&nbsp; Aelosthes holosericea<\/h5>\n<p><strong>Mechanical:<\/strong> &nbsp;Collection and destruction of  adults of stem borer insects; Collection and destruction of egg and grub with  the help of sharp knife manually from bark and woody part of stem.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chemical:<\/strong> Cotton  soaked with 36% EC of Monocrotophos 0.07 % should be inserted in the holes made  by the borer followed by mud plastering (quantity of insecticides required-1.94  ml per litre of water); plugging of holes with cotton soaked with 0.07%  Monocrotophos (36% EC) followed by mud plastering (quantity of insecticide  required-1.94 ml per litre of water). <\/p>\n<h5>Integrated package  for the control of major defoliating pests <\/h5>\n<p><strong>Cultural:<\/strong> Two times deep ploughing after silkworm  rearing: Nov.-Dec. and March-April is to be done.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mechanical:<\/strong> &nbsp;&nbsp;Collection  and destruction of different developmental stages of insect such as eggs,  grubs\/larvae, pupae and adults of coleopteran and lepidopteran pests during  morning and evening hours&nbsp; twice a week  from the month of May to July.<\/p>\n<h5>Bio-pesticide: <\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Soil application of neem cake: Soil application of neem cake (dried and  fine meshed @ 60 kg per acre in two split doses at 15 days interval before the  onset of monsoon (1st dose &ndash; 15th May, 2nd  dose-30th May).<\/li>\n<li>Foliar  application of Azadirachtin:  Foliar application of 15 ppm Azadirachtin (10 ml per litre of water)once after  15 days of soil application of neem cake (15th June). <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Source:<\/h5>\n<p>Central Tasar Research &amp; Training Institute, Central  Silk Board, Ranchi<\/p>\n<h5>CALENDAR OF OCCURRENCE OF FOLIAR DISEASES AND DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES IN TROPICAL TASAR CULTURE AREAS<\/h5>\n<p align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/ballia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2014\/03\/calender.jpg\" alt=\"silks\" \/><\/p>\n<h5>Source:<br \/>\n<\/h5>\n<p>Central Tasar Research &amp; Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Ranchi<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>DISEASES AND PESTS OF TROPICAL TASAR FOOD PLANTS MAJOR FOLIAR DISEASES OF TROPICAL TASAR FOOD PLANTS (TERMINALIA.ARJUNA AND T.TOMENTOSA) 1. Leaf spot (Pestalotiopsis palmarum): The disease appears on any part of the blade as circular to irregular patches, sometimes delimited by veins. The infected leaves show characteristic copper brown spots, just above the fungal growth, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/saraikela\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/saraikela\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/saraikela\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/saraikela\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/saraikela\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/saraikela\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":666,"href":"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/saraikela\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17\/revisions\/666"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/saraikela\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}