{"id":230,"date":"2013-05-01T14:08:08","date_gmt":"2013-05-01T14:08:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/aizawl\/?page_id=230"},"modified":"2013-05-01T14:08:08","modified_gmt":"2013-05-01T14:08:08","slug":"allied-sectors-occupations","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/south-garo-hills\/allied-sectors-occupations\/","title":{"rendered":"Allied Sectors &amp; Occupations"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"width:760px;height:650px;overflow:auto;margin:0px;padding: 0px 15px 0px 15px\">\n<h1 align=\"center\">Allied Sectors and Occupations<\/h1>\n<h5> Silkworm Seed\/Egg Production<\/h5>\n<h5>Mulberry Seed\/Egg Production<\/h5>\n<h5>Disinfection of grainage and implements<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Bamboo made house with thatched roof and mud-plastered wall is preferable for grainage.<\/li>\n<li>Disinfect the grainage rooms and appliances prior to commencement of operation.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li>Wash the rooms and appliances with 5% bleaching powder solution before one day.<\/li>\n<li>Dry the appliances in sun shine for 3-4 hours before one day.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li>Disinfect the rooms and appliances with a mixture of 2% formalin, 0.5-1% lime and 0.5% detergent solutions @ 1L\/ sq.m after one day.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Pupal examination<br \/>\n<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Separate out the melted, flimsy and good cocoons.<\/li>\n<li>Take out the gut portion and observe under microscope.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li>Reject the lot in case there is incidence of pebrine.<\/li>\n<li>Disinfect the contaminated room before the arrival of new lots.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Preservation and protection of seed cocoons<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Immediately after the receipt of seed cocoons, spread them on trays in a single layer to facilitate good aeration.<\/li>\n<li>Reject the seed cocoons which are melted, uzi infested, flimsy and not conforming to the characteristics of parent races.<\/li>\n<li>Preserve only the healthy seed cocoons in trays for further processing.<\/li>\n<li>Provide cross ventilation in the preservation room.<\/li>\n<li>Maintain temperature at 25 &plusmn; 1&#730;C, relative humidity of 75 &plusmn; 5%, 16 hour light and 8 hour dark conditions in the cocoon preservation room.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li>Maintain complete darkness one day prior to emergence to avoid irregular emergence of moths.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Early eclosion\/ artificial eclosion\/ forced eclosion of moths<br \/>\n<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>This helps in determining the disease freeness of a batch and helps in minimizing the loss to grainage.<\/li>\n<li>For early emergence of moths, 50-60 seed cocoons are taken from individual lots and placed into an artificial eclosion box.<\/li>\n<li>Maintain the temperature at 32-33 0C with the help of thermostat. This accelerates the development of pupae and moth emerges early.<\/li>\n<li>Examine the early emerged female moths of respective lots are under microscope to know the disease freeness of lots.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Synchronization of emergence of moths, pairing, depairing and oviposition<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Keep the cocoon preservatio0n room dark before the expected day of emergence of moths.<\/li>\n<li>In case of variation in development of male or female pupae, the development of male pupae can be arrested by preserving them at 5-7 0C and 75 + 5% relative humidity for 3-4 days.<\/li>\n<li>Only healthy and active moths are taken for pairing.<\/li>\n<li>After 1-2 hours of emergence, the male and female moths of respective combination are allowed for 3.5 to 4 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hours of pairing.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li>At the time of depairing, the male and female moths are to be moved side way so that the moths are separated easily without causing injury to reproductive organs.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li>The mated female moths are taken in a separate container and induced for urination.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li>Moths are placed on egg sheet and covered with cellules and kept in semi dark condition for oviposition.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li>Under proper preservation (5-7 0C), male moths can be used for second pairing by giving 1-2 hours rest.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li>Throughout the process of pairing, depairing and oviposition, optimum temperature of 25 &plusmn; 1 0C and relative humidity of 75 &plusmn; 5% should be maintained.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Moth examination<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Examine the mother moth either individually or in mass for pebrine disease.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Surface sterilization of eggs<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Dip the egg sheets in 2% formalin for 10-15 minutes. This helps in removal of pathogens adhering to the egg shell and further prevents secondary contamination.<\/li>\n<li>Wash the eggs in formalin solution. It helps in firm adherence of eggs to the sheet.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Incubation eggs<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Maintain temperature of 25 &plusmn; 1&#730;C, relative humidity of 75 &plusmn; 5%, 16 hours of light and 8 hours darkness.<\/li>\n<li>During the pinhead stage or before two days of hatching, maintain total darkness for uniform development of embryo and hatching of larvae at a time on a single day.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Source<\/h5>\n<p>Directory of Sericulture Technology 2008, Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore- 5 60 062.<\/p>\n<p>&lt;!&#8211; <\/p>\n<h1 align=\"center\">Muga Seed\/Egg Production<\/h1>\n<h5>Grainage hall<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Bamboo made house with thatched roof and mud-plastered wall is preferable for<br \/>\ngrainage.<\/li>\n<li>All round varanda is suitable for keeping the temperature down.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Material required for grainage operation<\/h5>\n<p><strong>Chemicals<\/strong>: Formalin, Bleaching powder, Lime powder, Potassium hydroxide. Equipment and Accessories: Spray machine, BOD incubator, Microscope, Micro-slides &amp; cover slip, Moth crushing set, Mask and Gloves, Moth cage, Foam<br \/>\npad, Measuring cylinder, Balance (readability- 0.1 g) Scissor, Muslin cloth,Bucket , Thread, etc.<\/p>\n<h5>Disinfection<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Disinfection should be done 3-4 days prior to receipt of seed cocoons and immediately after completion of grainage operation.<\/li>\n<li>Drench the walls of the hall and grainage appliances with 5% bleaching powder solution.<\/li>\n<li>Seal the grainage hall airtight and put all appliances inside.<\/li>\n<li>Apply fresh disinfectants in the grainage hall and keeps the room closed for 24 hours.<\/li>\n<li>Amount of disinfectants to be used @ 1 l\/ 2.5 sq. m floor area.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li>Open the hall one day prior to consignment of seed cocoons.<\/li>\n<li>Use mask and hand gloves during disinfection.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Selection, collection and transportation of seed cocoons<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Select well-formed healthy cocoons for seed production (Male: 4-4.5g, Female: 5-6g) at a female:male ratio of 60:40.<\/li>\n<li>In case of cocoons taken from the early part of spinning, keep the early spun cocoons in BOD incubator for 4-5 days at 10 0C to synchronize moth emergence.<\/li>\n<li>Before selection of seed cocoons, pupal gut test must be done to ensure disease freeness of the lot.<\/li>\n<li>Cocoons from highest ripening day or one day prior\/ after are preferable.<\/li>\n<li>Transport seed cocoons after complete pupation avoiding direct sunlight, rain, jerk, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Storage of seed cocoons<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Keep seed cocoons in moth cages in single layer to facilitate proper aeration and easy emergence.<\/li>\n<li>Maintain proper aeration in the grainage hall.<\/li>\n<li>Temperature between 26 to 28 0C and relative humidity of 80&plusmn;5% are suitable for grainage operation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Moth emergence and coupling <\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Emergence usually takes place at dusk and continues till midnight.<\/li>\n<li>Place emerged male and female moth in mating cage at 1:5 ratio for easy coupling and put the cage in a well aerated dark and cool place.<\/li>\n<li>Allow 7-8 hours of coupling. Female moth should be put into netlon oviposition pouch individually (9 x 3 x 3 cm in size) for egg laying.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Oviposition<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Arrange the pouch in a rack (50 cft in volume ) in the grainage hall.<\/li>\n<li>Allow to lay egg for 3 days.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Moth examination<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>On the 4th day, resort to individual mother moths examination for detection of pebrine disease.<\/li>\n<li>Conduct two-tier examination of mother moths crushing the midgut of the mother in 2% Potassium solution.<\/li>\n<li>Burn perbrinzed and other diseased moth along with diseased eggs and Kharika.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Surface sterilization of eggs<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Wash the eggs with soap solution and then carry out surface sterilization by putting the eggs in 2% formaldehyde solution for 2-3 minutes.<\/li>\n<li>After sterilization, wash the eggs in running water till smell of formalin goes off.<\/li>\n<li>Dry the eggs in shade.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Incubation of eggs<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Keep the dried eggs in BOD incubator at 26.1 &deg;C with 85.5% RH.<\/li>\n<li>Put some saturated solution of calcium chloride at the bottom of the BOD incubation to keep the RH within the required range.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Egg transportation<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Avoid stuffing of egg packets inside bags\/poly bags.<\/li>\n<li>Transport dfls in separated perforated paper packets.<\/li>\n<li>For transportation in bulk quantity, make bags for 50 dfls with muslin cloth\/ cotton mosquito net and fit individual bag in a wooden frame.<\/li>\n<li>Carry the bags in plastic baskets avoiding heat, jerk, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Hygiene<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Burn dead and melted cocoons.<\/li>\n<li>Dispose-off pierced cocoons as soon as possible.<\/li>\n<li>Dispose the crushed materials, moths, grainage waste, etc. in soak pit treating with 5% bleaching powder solution or burn them.<\/li>\n<li>Wash hands with alkaline soap and then with 2% bleaching powder solution before entering into grainage hall.<\/li>\n<li>Keep a foot mat soaked with 5% formalin in front of the grainage hall<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Source<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Package of practices of Muga, Eri and Mulberry Sericulture for North Eastern region of India, 2005, Central Muga Eri Research &amp; Training Institute, Lahdoigarh, Jorhat, Assam.<\/li>\n<li>Directory of Sericulture Technology 2008, Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore- 560 062.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8211;&gt;<\/p>\n<h1 align=\"center\">Muga Seed\/Egg Production<\/h1>\n<h5>Grainage hall<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Bamboo made house with thatched roof and mud-plastered wall is preferable for grainage.<\/li>\n<li>All round varanda is suitable for keeping the temperature down.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Material required for grainage operation<\/h5>\n<p><strong>Chemicals<\/strong>: Formalin, Bleaching powder, Lime powder, Potassium hydroxide. Equipment and Accessories: Spray machine, BOD incubator, Microscope, Micro-slides &amp; cover slip, Moth crushing set, Mask and Gloves, Moth cage, Foam pad, Measuring cylinder, Balance (readability- 0.1 g) Scissor, Muslin cloth, Bucket , Thread, etc.<\/p>\n<h5>Disinfection<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Disinfection should be done 3-4 days prior to receipt of seed cocoons and immediately after completion of grainage operation.<\/li>\n<li>Drench the walls of the hall and grainage appliances with 5% bleaching powder solution.<\/li>\n<li>Seal the grainage hall airtight and put all appliances inside.<\/li>\n<li>Apply fresh disinfectants in the grainage hall and keeps the room closed for 24 hours.<\/li>\n<li>Amount of disinfectants to be used @ 1 l\/ 2.5 sq. m floor area.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li>Open the hall one day prior to consignment of seed cocoons.<\/li>\n<li>Use mask and hand gloves during disinfection.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Selection, collection and transportation of seed cocoons<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Select well-formed healthy cocoons for seed production (Male: 4-4.5g, Female: 5-6g) at a female:male ratio of 60:40.<\/li>\n<li>In case of cocoons taken from the early part of spinning, keep the early spun cocoons in BOD incubator for 4-5 days at 10 0C to synchronize moth emergence.<\/li>\n<li>Before selection of seed cocoons, pupal gut test must be done to ensure disease freeness of the lot.<\/li>\n<li>Cocoons from highest ripening day or one day prior\/ after are preferable.<\/li>\n<li>Transport seed cocoons after complete pupation avoiding direct sunlight, rain, jerk, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Storage of seed cocoons<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Keep seed cocoons in moth cages in single layer to facilitate proper aeration and easy emergence.<\/li>\n<li>Maintain proper aeration in the grainage hall.<\/li>\n<li>Temperature between 26 to 28 0C and relative humidity of 80&plusmn;5% are suitable for grainage operation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Moth emergence and coupling<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Emergence usually takes place at dusk and continues till midnight.<\/li>\n<li>Place emerged male and female moth in mating cage at 1:5 ratio for easy coupling and put the cage in a well aerated dark and cool place.<\/li>\n<li>Allow 7-8 hours of coupling. Female moth should be put into netlon oviposition pouch individually (9 x 3 x 3 cm in size) for egg laying.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Oviposition<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Arrange the pouch in a rack (50 cft in volume ) in the grainage hall.<\/li>\n<li>Allow to lay egg for 3 days.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Moth examination<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>On the 4th day, resort to individual mother moths examination for detection of pebrine disease.<\/li>\n<li>Conduct two-tier examination of mother moths crushing the midgut of the mother in 2% Potassium solution.<\/li>\n<li>Burn perbrinzed and other diseased moth along with diseased eggs and Kharika.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Surface sterilization of eggs<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Wash the eggs with soap solution and then carry out surface sterilization by putting the eggs in 2% formaldehyde solution for 2-3 minutes.<\/li>\n<li>After sterilization, wash the eggs in running water till smell of formalin goes off.<\/li>\n<li>Dry the eggs in shade.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Incubation of eggs<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Keep the dried eggs in BOD incubator at 26.1 &deg;C with 85.5% RH.<\/li>\n<li>Put some saturated solution of calcium chloride at the bottom of the BOD incubation to keep the RH within the required range.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Egg transportation<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Avoid stuffing of egg packets inside bags\/poly bags.<\/li>\n<li>Transport dfls in separated perforated paper packets.<\/li>\n<li>For transportation in bulk quantity, make bags for 50 dfls with muslin cloth\/ cotton mosquito net and fit individual bag in a wooden frame.<\/li>\n<li>Carry the bags in plastic baskets avoiding heat, jerk, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Hygiene<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Burn dead and melted cocoons.<\/li>\n<li>Dispose-off pierced cocoons as soon as possible.<\/li>\n<li>Dispose the crushed materials, moths, grainage waste, etc. in soak pit treating with 5% bleaching powder solution or burn them.<\/li>\n<li>Wash hands with alkaline soap and then with 2% bleaching powder solution before entering into grainage hall.<\/li>\n<li>Keep a foot mat soaked with 5% formalin in front of the grainage hall<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Source<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Package of practices of Muga, Eri and Mulberry Sericulture for North Eastern region of India, 2005, Central Muga Eri Research &amp; Training Institute, Lahdoigarh, Jorhat, Assam.<\/li>\n<li>Directory of Sericulture Technology 2008, Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore- 560 062.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h1 align=\"center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctrtiranchi.co.in\/technologies.html\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener\">Tropical Tasar Seed\/Egg Production<\/a><\/h1>\n<h5><strong>Grainage<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Grainage &nbsp;(from French  graine \u201cseed\u201d collectively) is the establishment of healthy silkworm eggs for  production. A systematic approach not only reduces mortality and saves labour  but also improves the progenies. The selection and preservation of seed cocoons,  the preparation of disease-free layings and their disinfection and incubation  are among the important aspects of grainage.<\/p>\n<p> The wild nature of the tropical tasar silkworm is reflected  in its disuniform and erratic emergence, coupling, egg laying, hatching and  other habits. Nevertheless, the techniques evolved during the past decade  ensure systematic grainage operations and a stable crop.<\/p>\n<h5> <strong>Selection of seed  cocoons<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>After harvesting, the healthy, well formed and tough cocoons  are selected visually for seed, and the dead, deformed and otherwise unsuitable  cocoons are discarded, in the absence of an organized seed sector, the  selection of seed cocoons from the market should be based on sample testing. Stock  showing not more than 5-10 % infection can be considered for seed.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Preservation of seed  cocoons<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p> The pupal stage of a nondiapausing crop lasts hardly a month,  during which the atmospheric temperature and humidity are kept within the  optimum range (25 \u2013 30 \u02dac and 70 \u2013 80 % R.H) for their development; however,  when a stock is preservrd over the winter, the pupal stage lasts 5 -7 months.<\/p>\n<p>Most of the eco-races are bivoltine; only a few are  univoltine and trivoltine. In univoltines the dispause extends from august to  june, and in bivoltines&nbsp; and trivoltines  from November to june and from January to june, respectively. During these  periods the pupae experience extremes of temperature and relative humidity (10-46\u02daC  and 30-100%), not only causing 25-30% mortality but also adversely affecting  the vigour of the ensuing progenies. The optimum temperature and relative  humidity for seed cocoon preservation are 25-26\u02daC and 45-50%<\/p>\n<p> Simple type of seed preservation house reduces pupal  mortality by as much as 5%. This well-ventilated mud house with walls 60 cm  thick, rustic tile roofing, a false ceiling of split bamboo or straw mats and a  corridor 2.5 m wide on all sides can maintain a difference of 5-7\u02daC between  room and atmospheric temperature. A hut 5&#215;11 m can easily accommodate 100000  seed cocoons arranged in hanging garlands, and the corridors provide adequate  working space for the various grainage operations.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Transport of seed  cocoons<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Utmost care is required in transporting seed cocoons to  distant places. The cocoons should be packed loosely in split-bamboo baskets or  in perforated plywood boxes. Severe jerking and direct sunlight on the box or  basket should be avoided. On consignment the cocoons must be unpacked and hung  in the graining room. Seed cocoons should be transported during diapauses,  preferably in December and January.<\/p>\n<h5> <strong>Emergence<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>The development of pupa to moth takes about 30 days, during  which optimum temperature (28-30\u02daC) and relative humidity (75-85%) are desirable.  Indoor conditions normally satisfy these requirements. In the first crop of  cocoons the development continues without interruption, whereas in the over-  wintering population it begins a month before actual emergence.<\/p>\n<p>Emergence in the diapausing stocks generally coincides with  the onset of the monsoon (the last two weeks of June), and in the second and  third crops it takes place in august and September and in November and  December, respectively. Usually the moths start emerging late in the afternoon,  but the peak period is 19:00-21:00 hours.<\/p>\n<p> A &nbsp;proteolytic enzyme  secreted by the maxillary galeae of the fresh moths facilities emergence when  applied to the peduncle end, rendering it soft and enabling the moth to force  its way by making a hole.<\/p>\n<p>Emergence in the natural population takes a month; but with  cocoons from the first crop this period can be shortened and the emergence from  those harvested on successive days can be synchronized for effective grainage  by low temperature treatment (5\u02daC) of different duration (Table 9).<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Coupling<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>After 2-3 hours of emergence the moths start to couple, the  peak period being from midnight to 2:00. Generally, a number of male and female  moths are kept in large bamboo baskets for mass coupling; however, it is advisable  to adjust the moth population to the size of the basket, as the coupling  aptitude tends to decrease with density. For experimental purposes, a small  bamboo basket as a \u201cmonia\u201d is used for a single pair of moths.<\/p>\n<p> Recent studies show the advantages of outdoor coupling for  commercial grainage; it is mating aptitude between two species. The males and  females of the two species are introduced into two compartments, one of which  is meant for cross coupling and the other for reciprocal coupling. The males, on  being excited by the sex phormone emitted by their counterparts in the other  compartment, couple with the females of the other species.<\/p>\n<p>Tasar silk moths generally prefer to couple in darkness at a  comparatively lower temperature (24-26\u02daC) and high relative humidity (75-85%).  A blast of cool air (20-22\u02daC) for 30 minutes to one hour helps raise the  coupling percentage during hot, humid weather. Up to 30 minutes of premating  flight exercise for male moths also induces a better coupling aptitude.<\/p>\n<p>Although coupling continues for 10-12 hours, a period of 2-4  hours is adequate (3) for ensuring normal fecundity and fertility. The duration  of coupling has no direct relationship to the preoviposition period.<br \/>\n  In case of a shortage of male moths, they can be refrigerated  at 10\u02daC for 2-3 days and then safely utilized a second time.<\/p>\n<h5> <strong>Egg laying<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p> After the desired period of coupling, the moths are decoupled  by hand. The mated females are then placed singly in small cages (monias) or  together in large bamboo baskets for egg laying. Moths prefer darkness for egg  laying. It has been observed that in complete darkness nearly 50% of the eggs  are laid on the first day, whereas eith total illumination laying is delayed by  one day<\/p>\n<p> The eggs are deposited in batches of 5-10. The moths from the  diapausing crop have a lower ovipositional capacity than those from the  nondiapausing crop- the average being 200. The moths normally lay eggs for 6-7  days, but only the eggs deposited within the first 72 hours (85-90%) are  considered for rearing.<\/p>\n<p> A mild electric shock (50-100 V) administered to the mother  moths showing no tendency to oviposit will induce normal egg laying within 24 \u2013  48 hours without impairmrnt of the economic characters.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Selections of disease-  free layings<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p> Microscopic examination of the mother moths ensures disease-  free layings. A suspension obtained by squeezing the lower abdominal portion of  the moth in a little water is examined under a microspe at 10x and 40X. Special  attention is given to microsporidian infection because of its transovarial mode  of transmission. The mother moths exhibiting even the slightest hint of  microsporidiosis noted and their layings are rejected. Infected mother moths  and their layings should be burned or buried immediately. If other diseases are  detected, the layings are rejected only in cases of severe infection.<\/p>\n<p>Cellular examination of moths is advisable in parental  stocks; for commercial grainage a rather large sample should be examined.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Disinfection of eggs<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>As tasar silkworms eat a portion of the eggshell during  hatching, surface sterilization of eggs should be ensured so as to avoid  infection through contamination. The selected layings are placed in clean cloth  bags and dipped in water to remove the meconium. They are then rinsed in a  5-10% formalin solution for 5 minutes, followed by a wash in running water. The  layings are hung in the incubation room for drying.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Egg incubation <\/strong><\/h5>\n<p> The disinfected eggs are kept in thin layers in egg boxes  made of plastic with transparent top to admit light and perforated sides and  bottom for aeration (figure 43).<\/p>\n<p>The egg boxes are placed in a room for incubation. Incubation  temperatures of 10-25 -30\u02daC, 25-30-35\u02daC and 30\u02daC give equally satisfactory  results (80-90%) hatching, but for operational convenience a steady 30\u02daC is  advised. A humidity range of 70-80% is suitable for hatching. Incubation  results in uniform and more complete hatching.<\/p>\n<h5> <strong>Hatching<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>The hatching commences early in the morning. The hatching of  unincubated eggs begins on the tenth day and continues for six days. The  hatching of unincubated eggs starts on the seventh or eight day and is  completed within 2-3 days. The percentage of hatching is higher in the eggs  laid on earlier days. In tasar silkworm eggs, unlike the mulberry silkworm,  there is no \u201cblue stage\u201d, perhaps because of the thick chorion, and hence  \u201cblack boxing\u201d is not possible.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Refrigeration of eggs<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p> If necessary, hatching can be delayed a few days by  subjecting the eggs to low temperature (8-10\u02daC); however, the duration of  treatment should not exceed one week. Refrigeration should begin either at the  early stage (within 48 hours of oviposition) or after the completion of embryonic  development (120 hours after oviposition). Initiating the refrigeration  treatment between these two stages is detrimental to the insect.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Termination of  diapauses<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><strong>Photoperiodism:<\/strong> Among the different external  factors, a long day photoperiod (18 hours) has the most decisive effect on the  length of diapauses in Antheraea mylitta. Almost identical results can be  obtained in less time with equally long photoperiodic treatment at 30\u02daC (80%  RH). It has been observed that Antheraea mylitta has mainly of the  sensitivities to photoperiod of its close relatives Antheraea pernyi Antheraea polyphemus.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Hormonal effect:<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>The recent discovery of plant  hormones which act like the insect hormone ecdysone has aroused interest in  this field. Injections of the phytoecdysones in diapausing pupae of Samia cynthia and Antheraea pernyi were  highly effective in provoking adult development. In Antheraea mylitta the  most positive response of 88-96% emergence in 3-4 weeks and&nbsp; 100% in 8-10 weeks was observed with a 5-10  microgram dose of cyasterone. The other phytormones viz. ecdysterone, inokosterone, makisterone and ponasterone in a  larger dose (30 micrograms) showed 68-91% emergence in 8-12 provoked  development within 12-15 weeks; cyasterone once more gave the best results.<br \/>\n  For seed the tribal cultivators &nbsp;depend largely either on wild &nbsp;cocoons or on local cocoon market. Of the current  annual requirement of over 5.5 million disease free laying, the various  government agencies are able to supply barely one million and that too  unsystematically. &nbsp;Whereas, in Bihar seed  is distributed in the form of dfls, in the other states mostly seed cocoons are  supplied. In fact, the unavailability of quality seed is the major obstacle to  expansion of the non- mulberry silk industry.<\/p>\n<p>A seed sector  soundly on scientific lines is urgently needed for the renewal of this  neglected sector. Considering the abundant availability of the essential  components of tasar culture, the demand for send is bound to multiply once a  supply system is set up.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Organizational prerequisites:<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Early instar silkworms, rather than seed cocoons or  dfls should be used for seed, in spite of problems encountered during grainage  operations and rearing. Therefore, the organization of seed production and  supply entails the following prerequisites for effective operation.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Seed unit:<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p> Each  seed unit should be adequately equipped for grainage operations of about 100000  layings with a mud grainage hut, two ordinary microscopes, disinfectants and  other essentials. For the early-instar rearing of 4000 dlfs, one hectare of  economic plantation should be raised, and the block plantation for their  advanced stage rearing should be about 50 ha.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Seed zone:<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Apart  from ensuring the supply of early instar silkworms, the seed zones must be  absolutely free of all infections which are ascertainable through regular  microscopic examination. The rearing site should also be as far as possible  from the commercial belts and have high concentration of foliage rich plants.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Legislation:<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p> The objectives of seed organization cannot be attained unless unauthorized  production and marketing are prohibited through legislation. If needed, the  government can request the services of certain progressive rearers for the  technically controlled preparation and supply of disease free layings or  early-instar silkworms.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>System of operation:<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p> The objectives of seed organization should be comprised of a seed  maintenance farm and a seed multiplication and supply farm. The former  maintains the basic seed stock and the latter reproduces the stock and supplies  the rearers with early instar silkworms.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Seed maintenance farm:<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Each unit should be charged with (a) the collection,  evaluation and maintenance of superior races and hybrid stocks and (b) the  acclimatization of commercially promising eco-races. From a crop of 200 kahans,  190 kahans should be distributed to the multiplication and supply farms (10 kahans  per unit), and the remaining 10 kahans are retained for stock maintenance.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Seed multiplication and supply farm: <\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Multiplication for seed stock and for commercial  supply should be carried out in two phases in the first, 10 kahans reproduce at  least 200 kahans of seed stock. In the second the seed stock of 200 kahans  reproduce about 64000 dfls, which should be distributed to twenty early instar  rearing centres (3200 dfls each). In turn each of these centres should supply  an equal number of third instar to the rearers for commercial rearing.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Source: <\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>FAO Agricultural  Service Bulletin-Manuals on  Sericulture, reprinted by Central Silk Board, Bangalore<\/p>\n<h1 align=\"center\">Eri Seed\/Egg Production<\/h1>\n<h5>Seed cocoon  selection<\/h5>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/medak\/wp-content\/themes\/Common_District\/medak\/images\/18eri.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"180\" hspace=\"12\" align=\"right\">\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Select  cocoons based on physical characteristics e.g. compactness, shape, size and  number of cocoon per kg (not more than 350 cocoons\/kg). <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><strong>Disinfection of grainage room<\/strong><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Wash  the grainage room and appliances with 5% bleaching powder solution, 3 days  before consignment of seed cocoons.<\/li>\n<li>Same  disinfection procedure should be adopted after completion of grainage.<\/li>\n<li> In the event of pebrine incidence  during grainage, fumigate with 5% formaldehyde solution under high humid  condition with the appliances inside.<\/li>\n<li>Open  the room after 24 hours.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img height=\"180\" hspace=\"12\" align=\"right\"><\/p>\n<h5><strong>Transportation  of seed cocoon<\/strong><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Transport the cocoons in plastic trays during early morning  or in the evening hours to avoid direct exposure to sunlight.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><strong>Storage of seed cocoon<\/strong><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Seed cocoons are stored in single layers @ 500 cocoons per  tray (size 3ft x 2ft) arranged in racks. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><strong>Emergence  of moths and sorting of couplings<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/medak\/wp-content\/themes\/Common_District\/medak\/images\/18eri3.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"180\" hspace=\"12\" align=\"right\"><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Moth emergence occurs after 17-18 days  of spinning in summer and 30 t0 35 days in winter. <\/li>\n<li>Moth emergence takes place in the evening hours  as well as in the morning hours.\u00c2  <\/li>\n<li>Collect  the emerged moths in moth cage approximately in the ratio of male : <br \/>\nfemale at  60 : 40. The paired moths are allowed to couple for 6 hrs.<\/li>\n<li>Decouple  the moths and allow the female moths to lay eggs on kharika\/pouch.<strong><u> <\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><strong>Moth Examination <\/strong><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Conduct microscopic examination of mother moths on 3rd  day for basic and 0n 4th day for commercial seed following Fujiwara  technique. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/medak\/wp-content\/themes\/Common_District\/medak\/images\/18eri4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"180\" hspace=\"12\" align=\"right\"><\/p>\n<h5>Harvesting of eggs<\/strong><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Collect all the disease free layings alongwith the kharika  in a tray for harvesting. Transfer the harvested eggs to a piece of nylon net  for washing. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><strong>Degumming and surface  sterilization of eggs<\/strong><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Dip the eggs in 0.2% bleaching  solution for 5 minutes.<\/li>\n<li>Wash  the eggs with fresh water and soap and finally with fresh water. <\/li>\n<li>Spread the sterilized eggs on a blotting paper  for drying in the shade. <\/li>\n<li>Weigh  the dried eggs and pack in specially designed egg boxes for supply. <\/li>\n<p>  <img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/medak\/wp-content\/themes\/Common_District\/medak\/images\/18eri5.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"180\" hspace=\"12\" align=\"right\">\n<\/ul>\n<h5><strong>Source<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Eri Silkworm Seed  Production Centre, Azara, Guwahati<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Allied Sectors and Occupations Silkworm Seed\/Egg Production Mulberry Seed\/Egg Production Disinfection of grainage and implements Bamboo made house with thatched roof and mud-plastered wall is preferable for grainage. Disinfect the grainage rooms and appliances prior to commencement of operation.&nbsp; Wash the rooms and appliances with 5% bleaching powder solution before one day. Dry the appliances [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/south-garo-hills\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/230"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/south-garo-hills\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/south-garo-hills\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/south-garo-hills\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/south-garo-hills\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=230"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/south-garo-hills\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/230\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/silks.csb.gov.in\/south-garo-hills\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=230"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}